Attestation timeline
Of the 60 polyglot root families in the curated set, 60 have a first textual attestationin either the Tanakh or the Qur'an. Here they are in chronological order, bucketed by the textual era of their first appearance. Each root links to its full cross-script family page.
A note on chronology. Composition dates for the biblical books span centuries; this page uses broad consensus bucketing rather than precise verse-dating. Akkadian, Ugaritic, Phoenician, and Old South Arabian inscriptions predate most of the Hebrew Bible — those attestations aren't yet integrated (future work via ORACC and KTU corpora).
Torah / Pentateuch
c. 1200 – 500 BCE (final form)50 roots
- m-l-kGenesis 14:1
- b-r-kGenesis 22:17
- ḥ-m-rGenesis 33:19
- ʾ-r-bGenesis 3:16
- b-y-tGenesis 12:8
- ʿ-y-nGenesis 14:7
- š-l-mGenesis 14:18
- ʿ-l-mGenesis 9:12
- ʾ-l-hGenesis 1:9
- q-d-mGenesis 25:6
- d-b-rGenesis 27:6
- ʾ-k-lGenesis 24:45
- t-m-nGenesis 36:11
- l-b-nGenesis 30:37
- m-h-rGenesis 19:22
- ḥ-l-bGenesis 45:18
- t-m-rGenesis 14:7
- ʾ-ḥ-dGenesis 1:5
- b-ʿ-lGenesis 20:3
- b-r-tGenesis 9:12
- ʾ-b-nGenesis 31:45
- g-b-rGenesis 10:8
- q-r-bGenesis 20:4
- k-r-kGenesis 27:19
- g-n-nGenesis 3:23
- q-b-rGenesis 23:4
- g-m-rGenesis 10:2
- k-l-lGenesis 1:21
- r-k-bGenesis 50:9
- m-l-ʾGenesis 23:9
- k-h-nGenesis 14:18
- ʾ-bGenesis 11:26
- ʿ-r-bGenesis 1:5
- r-b-ʿGenesis 1:19
- ʿ-b-dGenesis 4:2
- ḥ-l-mGenesis 37:5
- ḥ-b-rGenesis 46:17
- s-l-mGenesis 28:12
- q-r-ʾGenesis 1:5
- ḥ-m-šGenesis 1:23
- k-l-bExodus 11:7
- k-t-bExodus 17:14
- q-r-nExodus 34:29
- b-ḥ-rExodus 14:7
- ʿ-m-tExodus 25:27
- f-r-sExodus 10:26
- m-r-rExodus 15:23
- r-m-nNumbers 33:19
- r-g-mNumbers 4:13
- b-r-qDeuteronomy 32:41
Former Prophets
c. 1000 – 550 BCE3 roots
Writings
c. 1000 BCE – 200 BCE4 roots
Targumim — Torah
c. 100 – 300 CE (Aramaic renderings of the Torah)3 roots