š l m
36 lemmas · 11 languages
soundAll three consonants are regular📜 Gen.14.18
Themes:peace· سَلَام · שָׁלוֹם·6hello· مَرْحَبَا · שָׁלוֹם·5complete· كَامِل · שָׁלֵם·4greeting· تَحِيَّة · בְּרָכָה·4equivalent·3
POS shape:verb·14noun·12adj·3intj·3name·2other·1phrase·1
This root is attested across 11 Semitic languages in our index. Each section below shows representative lemmas; attested means a Wiktionary editor explicitly tagged the root, inferredmeans we derived it mechanically from the word's consonantal skeleton.
Etymology treehow this root diverged from Proto-Semitic through the family
*š-l-mProto-Semitic
West Semitic
Central Semitic
Northwest Semitic
Ugaritic𐎌𐎍𐎎𐎌 𐎍 𐎎— complete
Canaanite
Hebrewשָׁלַםשׁ ל ם— to be safe (mind, body or state)
Phoenician𐤔𐤋𐤌𐤔 𐤋 𐤌— peace
Punic𐤔𐤋𐤌𐤔 𐤋 𐤌— peace
Aramaic
Imperial Aramaicשלםש ל מ— to be whole, to be complete
Syriacܫܠܵܡܵܐܫ ܠ ܡ— peace, wholeness, perfection, completeness
Assyrian NAܫܵܠܹܡܫ ܠ ܡ— to be/become safe, well (mind, body or state)
Turoyoܫܠܡܐܫ ܠ ܡ— A greeting; equivalent to hello.
Western NAܫܠܡܐܫ ܠ ܡ— A greeting; equivalent to hello.
Arabic
Arabicشَيْلَمش ل م— darnel, ryegrass (Lolium spp.)
South Semitic
Ethio-Semitic
Amharicሸለመሸ ለ መ— to decorate
Branch structure: Huehnergard (2005), Rubin (2010). The reconstructed Proto-Semitic form is computed on the fly from the cognate set's majority reflex pattern.
Ugaritic
irregular reflexug · 2 lemmas- completeCompare Hebrew שָׁלֵם (šālēm).
- peaceAkin to Hebrew שָׁלוֹם (šālōm).
Phoenician
irregular reflexphn · 1 lemma- peace
Punic
irregular reflexpun · 1 lemma- peace
Imperial Aramaic
arc · 3 lemmas- to be whole, to be complete
- A greeting; similar to hello.Common Northwest Semitic, Hebrew שָׁלוֹם (šālōm), Phoenician 𐤔𐤋𐤌 (šlm /šalōm/), Ugaritic 𐎌𐎍𐎎 (šlm /šalāmu/).
- peaceCommon Northwest Semitic, Hebrew שָׁלוֹם (šālōm), Phoenician 𐤔𐤋𐤌 (šlm /šalōm/), Ugaritic 𐎌𐎍𐎎 (šlm /šalāmu/).
Classical Syriac
syc · 8 lemmas- peace, wholeness, perfection, completenessCompare Phoenician 𐤔𐤋𐤌 (šlm), Hebrew שָׁלוֹם (šālōm), Ugaritic 𐎌𐎍𐎎 (šlm /šalāmu/).
- perfectionFrom the root ܫ ܠ ܡ related to completing.
- betrayer, traitor; deserter
- betrayer, traitor; deserter
- A greeting; equivalent to hello.Compare Phoenician 𐤔𐤋𐤌 (šlm), Hebrew שָׁלוֹם (šālōm), Ugaritic 𐎌𐎍𐎎 (šlm /šalāmu/).
- peaceful, harmoniousCompare Hebrew שָׁלֵם (šālēm). The sense of "strong plural" is a calque of Arabic سَالِم (sālim).
- strong plural (as opposed to a broken plural)Compare Hebrew שָׁלֵם (šālēm). The sense of "strong plural" is a calque of Arabic سَالِم (sālim).
- peal feminine absolute singular active participle of ܫܠܡ
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
aii · 8 lemmas- to be/become safe, well (mind, body or state)Compare Arabic سَلِمَ (salima) and Hebrew שָׁלַם (shalám).
- it is finished; used to mark the end of a writingLearned borrowing from Classical Syriac, the Classical Syriac perfect tense of ܫܵܠܹܡ (šālēm, “to be finished”).
- IslamBorrowed from Arabic الْإِسْلَام (al-ʔislām); compare also the native ܡܲܫܠܡܵܢܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ (mašlmānūṯā).
- to end, finish, completeIntensitive stem of the verb ܫܵܠܹܡ (šālēm); compare Hebrew שִׁלֵּם (shilém) and Arabic سَلَّمَ (sallama).
▸ 1 derivation
- derivedܡܲܫܠܡܵܢܵܐmašlmānā
- to hand over, turn over, surrender, forsake, betrayCausitive stem of the verb ܫܵܠܹܡ (šālēm) with the third definition a Semantic loan from Arabic أَسْلَمَ (ʔaslama, “to surrender; betray; convert to Islam”); compare Hebrew הִשְׁלִים (hishlím).
- hello, hiCommon Northwest Semitic, from Aramaic שְׁלָמָא (šəlāmā); compare Hebrew שָׁלוֹם (shalóm), Phoenician 𐤔𐤋𐤌 (šlm), Arabic سَلَام (salām) and Ugaritic 𐎌𐎍𐎎 (šlm /šalāmu/).
▸ 7 derivations
- derivedܝܵܗ݇ܒ݂ܹܠ ܫܠܵܡܹ̈ܐyāḇēl šlāmē
- derivedܫܵܐܹܠ ܒܲܫܠܵܡܵܐšāˀēl bašlāmā
- derivedܒܲܪ ܫܲܠܡܘܼܬ݂ܵܐbar šalmūṯā
- derivedܓܲܒ݂ܪܵܐ ܫܲܠܡܵܐgaḇrā šalmā
- derivedܫܲܠܡܘܼܬ݂ܵܐšalmūṯā
- derivedܫܲܠܡܘܼܬ݂ܵܢܵܝܵܐšalmūṯānāyā
- derivedܫܲܠܡܵܐܝܼܬ݂šalmāˀīṯ
- peace, harmony (freedom from disturbance)Common Northwest Semitic, from Aramaic שְׁלָמָא (šəlāmā); compare Hebrew שָׁלוֹם (shalóm), Phoenician 𐤔𐤋𐤌 (šlm), Arabic سَلَام (salām) and Ugaritic 𐎌𐎍𐎎 (šlm /šalāmu/).
- a female given nameUncertain, possibly related to Akkadian 𒊩𒊓𒄠𒈬𒊏𒆳 (/Shammuramat/), though a direct loan ܫܲܡܝܼܪܵܡ (šamīrām) already exists. More likely related to the root ܫ ܠ ܡ (š l m) related to being complete, perfect, friendly, or whole.
Hebrew
he · 8 lemmas- to be safe (mind, body or state)
- defective spelling of שילם
- Masculine singular imperative of הִשְׁלִים (hishlím)
- defective spelling of הושלם
- to pay
- to be completed
- to complete, finish, fill out
- perfect, flawless
Arabic
ar · 1 lemma- darnel, ryegrass (Lolium spp.)From Aramaic שילמא / ܫܱܝܠܡܳܐ (šayləmā), also ܫܱܝܠܳܘܡܳܐ (šaylāmā), too meaning ryegrass, from the root שׁ־ל־ם / ܫ ܠ ܡ related to “rest, tranquility; peace”, as it is used as a sedative in folk medicine and one rests in peace after one intakes this plant inadvertently.
Amharic
am · 2 lemmas- to decorate
▸ 1 derivation
- derivedአሸለመʾaššällämä
- causative of ሸለመ (šällämä)From አስ- (ʾas-) + ሸለመ (šällämä, “to decorate”).
Turoyo
tru · 1 lemma- A greeting; equivalent to hello.
Western Neo-Aramaic
amw · 1 lemma- A greeting; equivalent to hello.