k r k
35 lemmas · 9 languages
soundAll three consonants are regular📜 Gen.27.19
Themes:city· مَدِينَة · עִיר·7capital·4walled·3town·3fortress·3
POS shape:noun·24verb·7name·3adj·1
This root is attested across 9 Semitic languages in our index. Each section below shows representative lemmas; attested means a Wiktionary editor explicitly tagged the root, inferredmeans we derived it mechanically from the word's consonantal skeleton.
Etymology treehow this root diverged from Proto-Semitic through the family
*k-r-kProto-Semitic
West Semitic
Central Semitic
Northwest Semitic
Ugaritic𐎋𐎗𐎋𐎗𐎋 𐎗 𐎋— to dance
Canaanite
Hebrewכָּרִיךְכ ר ך— sandwich
Aramaic
Imperial Aramaicכַּרְכָאכ ר כ— walled city or town, fortress
Syriacܟܪܟܐܟ ܪ ܟ— walled city or town, fortress
Assyrian NAܟܵܪܹܟ݂ܟ ܪ ܟ— to orbit, revolve, circle, circumgyrate, be around
Arabic
Arabicكُرْكِيّك ر ك— crane (bird)
South Semitic
Ethio-Semitic
Ge'ezከርካዕK R K— almond (fruit and tree)
Amharicከረከረከ ረ ከ— to be acrid
Tigrinyaኰርኰረከ ረ ከ— to interrogate
Branch structure: Huehnergard (2005), Rubin (2010). The reconstructed Proto-Semitic form is computed on the fly from the cognate set's majority reflex pattern.
Ugaritic
irregular reflexug · 1 lemma- to dance
Imperial Aramaic
arc · 3 lemmas- walled city or town, fortress
- codex, volume, scroll
- large mat
Classical Syriac
syc · 3 lemmas- walled city or town, fortressDerived from Demotic Egyptian grg or from the root ܟ ܪ ܟ related to encircling. Compare Hebrew כְּרַךְ (kəraḵ).
- kind of bird: crane, goose, (possibly) swift, swallowFrom Akkadian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurkû), from Sumerian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kur.gi₄^(mušen)). Also found as Arabic كُرْكِيّ (kurkiyy), an Aramaic borrowing.
- rhinocerosFrom Persian کرگدن (kargadan).
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
aii · 8 lemmas- to orbit, revolve, circle, circumgyrate, be aroundCognate to Hebrew כָּרַךְ (karákh).
- walled city or town, fortress, citadelInherited from Aramaic כַּרְכָא (karḵā), from either Demotic Egyptian grg or the above root; cognate of Hebrew כְּרַךְ (k'rákh) and Coptic ϭⲉⲣϭⲏ (čerčē). The proper noun is a shortening of ܟܲܪܟ݂ܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬ݂ ܣܠܘܿܩ (karḵā d-bēṯ slōq, “Citadel of the Seleucids”).
- Kirkuk (a historically Assyrian city in northern Iraq, located in the Nineveh Plains and historically the capital of Beth Garmai)Inherited from Aramaic כַּרְכָא (karḵā), from either Demotic Egyptian grg or the above root; cognate of Hebrew כְּרַךְ (k'rákh) and Coptic ϭⲉⲣϭⲏ (čerčē). The proper noun is a shortening of ܟܲܪܟ݂ܵܐ ܕܒܹܝܬ݂ ܣܠܘܿܩ (karḵā d-bēṯ slōq, “Citadel of the Seleucids”).
- roll; scroll, codexOf the noun pattern 1i23ā, from the verb ܟܵܪܹܟ݂ (kārēḵ, “to encircle”) and inherited from Aramaic כִּרְכָּא (kirkā); compare Hebrew כֶּרֶךְ (kérekh) and Akkadian 𒆠𒅕𒆪 (/kirku/, “roll”).
- agricultural managerActive noun of the verb ܟܵܪܹܟ݂ (kārēḵ).
- touristActive noun of the verb ܟܵܪܹܟ݂ (kārēḵ, “to orbit, revolve around”).
▸ 2 derivations
- derivedܟܵܪܘܿܟ݂ܵܝܵܐkārōḵāyā
- derivedܟܵܪܘܟ݂ܘܼܬ݂ܵܐkārwḵūṯā
- engine, motorNeologism and tool noun derived from the verb ܟܵܪܹܟ݂ (kārēḵ, “to spin around, surround, wrap around”).
- to wrap, enfold, encloseVariant from developed from the verb ܟܵܪܹܟ݂ (kārēḵ, “to surround, wrap around”); compare Hebrew כָּרַךְ (karákh).
Hebrew
he · 6 lemmas- sandwich
- cover (front and back of a book or a magazine)
- large city, metropolisDerived from Demotic Egyptian grg. Compare Coptic ϭⲉⲣϭⲏ (čerčē).
- volume (one book in a series of books)Derived from Demotic Egyptian grg. Compare Coptic ϭⲉⲣϭⲏ (čerčē).
- to bind (a book)Derived from Demotic Egyptian grg. Compare Coptic ϭⲉⲣϭⲏ (čerčē).
- singular form of בְּכֹר (b'chór) with second-person masculine singular personal pronoun as possessor, Biblical Hebrew pausal form, Biblical Hebrew pausal form.
Arabic
ar · 8 lemmas- crane (bird)Borrowed from Aramaic כּוּרְכְּיׇא / ܟܽܘܪܟܝܳܐ (kūrkəyā), from Akkadian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (/kurkû/), from Sumerian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (/kur.gi/).
- gruiform, crane-likeBorrowed from Aramaic כּוּרְכְּיׇא / ܟܽܘܪܟܝܳܐ (kūrkəyā), from Akkadian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (/kurkû/), from Sumerian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (/kur.gi/).
- rhinocerosFrom Classical Syriac ܟܪܟܕܢܐ (karkǝḏānā, “rhinoceros”), from Middle Persian klg (karg, “rhinoceros; horn”) + -dʾn' (-dān, “bearer, holder”), ultimately from Sanskrit खड्ग (khaḍga, “rhinoceros; literally sword bearer”); compare with Persian کرگدن (kargadan) and Hindi खाँग (khāṅg).
- ruby spinel, a precious stone from the spinel mineralFrom an Aramaic cognate of Classical Syriac ܩܪܟܕܢܐ (qarkeḏnā), from Hittite [Term?], like Hebrew כַּדְכֹּד (kaḏkoḏ, “an uncertain gem”), Sanskrit कर्केतन (karketana, “chrysoberyl”), Old Armenian կարկեհան (karkehan, “a red gem”) (borrowed from Parthian *karkaðan, to which also belong Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi…
- Caracas (the capital city of Venezuela)
- Krakow (a city on the Vistula River, the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland and the former capital (until 1596) of Poland as a whole)Borrowed from Polish Kraków.
- roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Hibiscus in general)
- plural of كُوَارْك (kuwark)
Ge'ez
gez · 1 lemma- almond (fruit and tree)Compare Tigre and Tigrinya ካዕካዕ (kaʿkaʿ) meaning various tree nuts, probably of imitative origin.
Amharic
am · 3 lemmas- to be acrid
- African birch
- groove level, argument, dispute, debate
Tigrinya
ti · 2 lemmas- to interrogate
- infinitive of ኰርኰረ (kʷärkʷärä)