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ʿ b d

37 lemmas · 8 languages
soundAll three consonants are regular📜 Gen.4.2
Themes:slave·7servant·6male· ذَكَر · זָכָר·5name· اِسْم · שֵׁם·5slavery·3
POS shape:noun·18verb·11name·6proper noun·1adj·1

This root is attested across 8 Semitic languages in our index. Each section below shows representative lemmas; attested means a Wiktionary editor explicitly tagged the root, inferredmeans we derived it mechanically from the word's consonantal skeleton.

Etymology treehow this root diverged from Proto-Semitic through the family

*ʿ-b-dProto-Semitic
West Semitic
Central Semitic
Northwest Semitic
Ugaritic𐎓𐎁𐎄𐎓 𐎁 𐎄— slave
Canaanite
Hebrewמְעַבֵּדע ב ד— processor
Phoenician𐤏𐤁𐤃𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤏 𐤁 𐤃
Punic𐤏𐤁𐤃𐤏 𐤁 𐤃— slave, servant
Aramaic
Imperial Aramaicעבדע ב ד— to do, to make
Syriacܥܒܕܐܥ ܒ ܕ— servant, slave, bondsman
Assyrian NAܥܵܒ݂ܹܕ݂ܥ ܒ ܕ— to do
Arabic
Arabicتَعَبَّدَع ب د— to enslave

Branch structure: Huehnergard (2005), Rubin (2010). The reconstructed Proto-Semitic form is computed on the fly from the cognate set's majority reflex pattern.

Ugaritic

irregular reflexug · 1 lemma
  • ʿbdnouninferredWiktionary ↗
    slave
    A Central Semitic innovation, cognate with Hebrew עֶבֶד (ʿéḇeḏ), Phoenician 𐤏𐤁𐤃 (ʿbd), Arabic عَبْد (ʕabd), Classical Syriac ܥܒܕܐ (ʿaḇdā), Old South Arabian 𐩲𐩨𐩵 (ʿbd).

Phoenician

irregular reflexphn · 1 lemma

Punic

irregular reflexpun · 1 lemma

Imperial Aramaic

arc · 4 lemmas
  • verbinferred𐡀 tg. Onk. Gen 1:11Wiktionary ↗
    to do, to make
    Belonging to the root ע־ב־ד (`-b-d) pertaining to work. A Central Semitic innovation, cognate with Arabic عَبْد (ʕabd), Phoenician 𐤏𐤁𐤃 (ʿbd), Ugaritic 𐎓𐎁𐎄 (ʿbd), Hebrew עֶבֶד ('éved), Minaean 𐩲𐩨𐩵 (ʿbd).
  • nouninferred𐡀 tg. Onk. Gen 9:26Wiktionary ↗
    servant, slave
    A Central Semitic innovation, cognate with Hebrew עֶבֶד (ʿéḇeḏ), Phoenician 𐤏𐤁𐤃 (ʿbd), Ugaritic 𐎓𐎁𐎄 (ʿbd), Arabic عَبْد (ʕabd), Old South Arabian 𐩲𐩨𐩵 (ʿbd).
  • verbinferred𐡀 tg. Onk. Gen 14:2Wiktionary ↗
    they did
  • nouninferred𐡀 tg. Jon. Josh 24:17Wiktionary ↗
    servitude, slavery, bondage

Classical Syriac

syc · 6 lemmas
  • ʿaḇdānounattestedWiktionary ↗
    servant, slave, bondsman
    Belonging to the root ܥ ܒ ܕ related to working. A Central Semitic innovation, cognate with Hebrew עֶבֶד (ʿéḇeḏ), Phoenician 𐤏𐤁𐤃 (ʿbd), Ugaritic 𐎓𐎁𐎄 (ʿbd), Arabic عَبْد (ʕabd), Minaean 𐩲𐩨𐩵 (ʿbd).
  • ʿaḇdānameattestedWiktionary ↗
    a male given name
    Belonging to the root ܥ ܒ ܕ related to working. A Central Semitic innovation, cognate with Hebrew עֶבֶד (ʿéḇeḏ), Phoenician 𐤏𐤁𐤃 (ʿbd), Ugaritic 𐎓𐎁𐎄 (ʿbd), Arabic عَبْد (ʕabd), Minaean 𐩲𐩨𐩵 (ʿbd).
  • ˁaḇdūṯānounattestedWiktionary ↗
    service, servitude, slavery, bondage
    From ܥܒܕܐ (ʿaḇdā, “slave”), from the root ܥ ܒ ܕ related to working.
  • ʿabdalāhnameinferredWiktionary ↗
    a male given name, equivalent to English Abd Allah
    From Arabic عبد الله (ʕabd allāh)
  • ʿabdraḥmānnameinferredWiktionary ↗
    a male given name, equivalent to English Abdul Rahman
    From Arabic عبد الرحمن (ʕabd ar-raḥmān)
  • ʿabdalmaleknameinferredWiktionary ↗
    a male given name, equivalent to English Abd Almalik
    From Arabic عبد الملك (ʕabd al-malik)

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

aii · 8 lemmas
  • ˁāḇēḏverbattestedWiktionary ↗
    to do
    Inherited from Aramaic עֲבַד (ʿăḇaḏ), from a Central Semitic innovation; compare Hebrew עָבַד (avád, “to work”) and Arabic عَبَدَ (ʕabada, “to serve”).
    ▸ 1 derivation
  • ˁaḇidnounattestedWiktionary ↗
    construct state singular of ܥܲܒ݂ܕܵܐ (ˁaḇdā, “servant; slave”)
    See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
  • maˁbiḏverbattestedWiktionary ↗
    to influence, affect
    Causitive stem of the verb ܥܵܒ݂ܹܕ݂ (ˁāḇēḏ, “to do”); compare Hebrew הֶעֱבִיד (he'evíd) and Arabic عَبَّدَ (ʕabbada).
  • ˁaḇdānounattestedWiktionary ↗
    servant, slave, bondsman
    Inherited from Aramaic [Term?], a Central Semitic innovation, cognate with Hebrew עֶבֶד ('éved), Phoenician 𐤏𐤁𐤃 (ʿbd), Ugaritic 𐎓𐎁𐎄 (ʿbd), Arabic عَبْد (ʕabd) and Minaean 𐩲𐩨𐩵 (ʿbd).
    ▸ 5 derivations
  • ˁaḇdānameattestedWiktionary ↗
    a male given name
    Inherited from Aramaic [Term?], a Central Semitic innovation, cognate with Hebrew עֶבֶד ('éved), Phoenician 𐤏𐤁𐤃 (ʿbd), Ugaritic 𐎓𐎁𐎄 (ʿbd), Arabic عَبْد (ʕabd) and Minaean 𐩲𐩨𐩵 (ʿbd).
  • mšaˁbiḏverbattestedWiktionary ↗
    to enslave, subjugate, enthrall
    Shaphel verb developed from the noun ܥܲܒ݂ܕܵܐ (ˁaḇdā, “slave, servant”); compare Arabic اِسْتَعْبَدَ (istaʕbada)
  • ˁāḇōḏānounattestedWiktionary ↗
    maker, creator
    Active noun of the verb ܥܵܒ݂ܹܕ݂ (ˁāḇēḏ, “to make, create, do”).
    ▸ 3 derivations
  • ˁāḇōḏānameattestedWiktionary ↗
    God, Creator
    Active noun of the verb ܥܵܒ݂ܹܕ݂ (ˁāḇēḏ, “to make, create, do”).

Hebrew

he · 8 lemmas

Arabic

ar · 8 lemmas
  • taʕabbadaverbattested☪︎ Q.1:5Wiktionary ↗
    to enslave
  • ʕābidadjattested☪︎ Q.1:5Wiktionary ↗
    active participle of عَبَدَ (ʕabada)
    Derived from the active participle of عَبَدَ (ʕabada, “to worship”).
  • maʕbadnounattested☪︎ Q.1:5Wiktionary ↗
    place of worship, temple
    Noun of place from the root ع ب د (ʕ b d).
  • ʕibādanounattested☪︎ Q.1:5Wiktionary ↗
    verbal noun of عَبَدَ (ʕabada) (form I)
    Verbal noun of عَبَدَ (ʕabada).
  • istaʕbadaverbattested☪︎ Q.1:5Wiktionary ↗
    to enslave, to subjugate, to enthrall
  • istiʕbādnounattested☪︎ Q.1:5Wiktionary ↗
    verbal noun of اِسْتَعْبَدَ (istaʕbada) (form X)
  • ʕabdnouninferred☪︎ Q.1:5Wiktionary ↗
    a person who is under the ownership of another, a slave, a bondservant
    A Central Semitic innovation, cognate with Hebrew עֶבֶד (ʿéḇeḏ), Phoenician 𐤏𐤁𐤃 (ʿbd), Ugaritic 𐎓𐎁𐎄 (ʿbd), Classical Syriac ܥܒܕܐ (ʿaḇdā), Old South Arabian 𐩲𐩨𐩵 (ʿbd).
    ▸ 3 derivations
  • ʕabadaverbinferred☪︎ Q.1:5Wiktionary ↗
    to worship, to serve, to be devoted to; to venerate or adore in a subservient manner

Related rootsshare 2 of 3 consonants with ʿ-b-d

Compare two languages side-by-side

ug ↔ phnug ↔ punug ↔ arcug ↔ sycug ↔ aii