ḥ b r
37 lemmas · 8 languages
soundAll three consonants are regular📜 Gen.46.17
Themes:friend·7companion·5join·4ink·3fellowship·2
POS shape:noun·27verb·9adj·1
This root is attested across 8 Semitic languages in our index. Each section below shows representative lemmas; attested means a Wiktionary editor explicitly tagged the root, inferredmeans we derived it mechanically from the word's consonantal skeleton.
Etymology treehow this root diverged from Proto-Semitic through the family
*ḥ-b-rProto-Semitic
West Semitic
Central Semitic
Northwest Semitic
Ugaritic𐎈𐎁𐎗𐎈 𐎁 𐎗— friend, companion
Canaanite
Hebrewחֻבַּרח ב ר— to be joined, to be connected, to be attached
Aramaic
Imperial Aramaicחברח ב ר— to associate with, to gather together
Syriacܚܒܪܐܚ ܒ ܪ— friend, companion, mate, comrade
Assyrian NAܚܲܒ݂ܪܵܐܚ ܒ ܪ— friend
Arabic
Arabicحِبْرح ب ر— ink
South Semitic
Ethio-Semitic
Amharicኅብረትח ב ר— alliance, union, cooperation, coalition
Tigrinyaሕብራዊܚ ܒ ረ— colorful
Branch structure: Huehnergard (2005), Rubin (2010). The reconstructed Proto-Semitic form is computed on the fly from the cognate set's majority reflex pattern.
Ugaritic
irregular reflexug · 1 lemma- friend, companionCompare Hebrew חָבֵר (ḥāḇēr).
Imperial Aramaic
arc · 4 lemmas- to associate with, to gather togetherCognate with Arabic خ ب ر (ḵ b r) and Hebrew חבר.
- friend, companionCompare Hebrew חָבֵר
- friend, companion
- fellowship, companionship
Classical Syriac
syc · 6 lemmas- friend, companion, mate, comradeFrom the root ܚ ܒ ܪ related to companionship. Compare Hebrew חָבֵר (ḥāḇḗr).
- friend, companion, mate, comradeFrom the root ܚ ܒ ܪ related to companionship. Compare Hebrew חֲבֵרָה (ḥăḇērâ).
- fellowship, companionshipFrom ܚܒܪܐ (ḥaḇrā, “companion”), from the root ܚ ܒ ܪ related to companionship + the abstract noun ending -ܘܬܐ (-ūṯā). Compare Hebrew חֲבֵרוּת (ḥăḇērûṯ).
- steam, vapour, smoke, fumeCompare Arabic بُخَار (buḵār).
- alternative form of ܚܒܘܪܐ
- alternative form of ܚܒܘܪܐ
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
aii · 8 lemmas- friendInherited from Aramaic חַבְרָא (ḥaḇrā); related to Hebrew חָבֵר (khavér).
▸ 1 derivation
- derivedܚܲܒ݂ܪܘܼܬ݂ܵܐḥaḇrūṯā
- to join (person), to join in, to team up with, to join forces withIntenstive stem related to the noun ܚܲܒ݂ܪܵܐ (ḥaḇrā, “friend, companion”) with the second verb borrowed from Arabic أَخْبَرَ (ʔaḵbara); compare Hebrew חָבַר (khavár) and Arabic خَبُرَ (ḵabura).
- to notify, advise, apprise, inform; communicate, reportIntenstive stem related to the noun ܚܲܒ݂ܪܵܐ (ḥaḇrā, “friend, companion”) with the second verb borrowed from Arabic أَخْبَرَ (ʔaḵbara); compare Hebrew חָבַר (khavár) and Arabic خَبُرَ (ḵabura).
- female equivalent of ܚܲܒ݂ܪܵܐ (ḥaḇrā) friendSee the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
- to visit; to pay a visit to (someone)Saphel stem of the verb ܚܵܒ݂ܹܪ (ḥāḇēr, “to be associated with”) historically displacing ܣܵܥܹܪ (sāˁēr) in the sense of “to visit”.
- smog (a noxious mixture of particulates and gases that is the result of urban air pollution)Compare Classical Syriac ܚܲܒܘܼܪܵܐ (ḥabbūrā) and Arabic بُخَار (buḵār).
- a telephone conversation; a phone call; callInstance noun of ܡܲܚܒܸܪ (maḥbir, “to call”).
- syndicate
Hebrew
he · 8 lemmas- to be joined, to be connected, to be attached
- To connect, attach, join (two things, or one thing to another).From the root ח־ב־ר (kh-b-r).
▸ 1 derivation
- relatedכתבkatáv
- Masculine singular present participle and present tense of חִבֵּר (khibér)
- To connect (to).From the root ח־ב־ר (ḥ-b-r), in the hitpa`él conjugation.
- group
- bruise
- plural indefinite form of חֲבֵרָה (khaverá)
- brochure, pamphlet, booklet
Arabic
ar · 8 lemmas- inkBorrowed from Classical Syriac ܚܒܪܐ (ḥeḇrā, “ink”), from the root ܚ ܒ ܪ related to darkness. Merged with the root ح ب ر (ḥ b r).
- to ink, to fill, cover, smear, mark, write, draw, illustrate, or outline with inkDenominal verb of حِبْر (ḥibr, “ink”). Senses related to improvement, perfection, and embellishment are from or influenced by the root ح ب ر (ḥ b r) (see above).
- squid, cuttlefish, sepia, sepiidFrom حِبْر (ḥibr, “ink”).
- aspect of form, trace of a formative power, welt
- a kind of well-cut variegated fabric
▸ 2 derivations
- derivedحِبَرِيّḥibariyy
- derivedseller of such a cloth
- the male of a bustard (ذَكَر الْحُبَارَى (ḏakar al-ḥubārā))
- variegated vestment (also figurative)
- bustard (Otididae bird such as Chlamydotis spp., Otis tarda, Ardeotis arabs)From the root ح ب ر (ḥ b r) related to delight since it is the most-prized fowl flesh. For the pattern compare سُمَانَى (sumānā, “quail, Coturnix coturnix”).
Amharic
am · 1 lemma- alliance, union, cooperation, coalition
Tigrinya
ti · 1 lemma- colorful