q d m
49 lemmas · 10 languages
soundAll three consonants are regular📜 Gen.25.6
Themes:before·12front·7precede·5advance·3dami·3
POS shape:adj·14noun·12verb·12prep·8conj·1adv·1num·1
This root is attested across 10 Semitic languages in our index. Each section below shows representative lemmas; attested means a Wiktionary editor explicitly tagged the root, inferredmeans we derived it mechanically from the word's consonantal skeleton.
Etymology treehow this root diverged from Proto-Semitic through the family
*q-d-mProto-Semitic
East Semitic
Akkadianqadûmq d m— owl
West Semitic
Central Semitic
Northwest Semitic
Ugaritic𐎖𐎄𐎎𐎖 𐎄 𐎎— before, in front of
Canaanite
Hebrewמְקַדֵּםק ד ם— masculine singular present participle and present tense of קִדֵּם
Aramaic
Imperial Aramaicקדםק ד מ— to precede, to come before
Syriacܩܕܡܩ ܕ ܡ— to precede, to come before
Assyrian NAܩܵܕ݂ܹܡܩ ܕ ܡ— to precede, to come before
Arabic
Arabicقَدَمَق د م— to precede
South Semitic
Ethio-Semitic
Ge'ezቀዳሚቀ ደ መ— first
Amharicቅዳሜቀ ደ መ— Saturday
Tigrinyaቀዳምቀ ደ መ— Saturday
Branch structure: Huehnergard (2005), Rubin (2010). The reconstructed Proto-Semitic form is computed on the fly from the cognate set's majority reflex pattern.
Akkadian
akk · 1 lemma- owlPossibly of onomatopoeic origin.
Ugaritic
irregular reflexug · 2 lemmas- before, in front ofCompare Hebrew קֶדֶם (qéḏem).
- eastCompare Hebrew קֶדֶם (qéḏem).
Imperial Aramaic
arc · 6 lemmas- to precede, to come beforeFrom the root Proto-Semitic *q-d-m (“to precede, come before”). Compare Arabic قَدَمَ (qadama), Hebrew קדם and Classical Syriac ܩܕܡ.
- before, in front ofFrom the root Proto-Semitic *q-d-m (“to precede, come before”). Compare Arabic قَدَمَ (qadama), Hebrew קדם and Classical Syriac ܩܕܡ.
- before me: first-person singular suffix form of קדם
- first (1st)Derived from Proto-Semitic *q-d-m (“to precede, come before”).
- first
- feminine of קַדְמָאי (qaḏəmāy, “first”)
Classical Syriac
syc · 7 lemmas- to precede, to come beforeFrom the root ܩ ܕ ܡ related to preceding. Compare Arabic قَدَمَ (qadama) and Hebrew קָדַם (qāḏam).
- beforeFrom the root ܩ ܕ ܡ related to preceding. Compare Akkadian 𒁾𒊕 (qudmu [DUB.SAG]) and Hebrew קֹדֶם (qṓḏem).
- before, in front ofFrom the root ܩ ܕ ܡ related to preceding. Compare Akkadian 𒁾𒊕 (qudmu [DUB.SAG]) and Hebrew קֹדֶם (qṓḏem).
- first, foremostFrom the root ܩ ܕ ܡ related to preceding. Compare Arabic قِدْم (qidm) and Hebrew קֶדֶם (qéḏem).
- front partFrom the root ܩ ܕ ܡ related to preceding. Compare Arabic قِدْم (qidm) and Hebrew קֶדֶם (qéḏem).
- foreknowledge, predictionCompare Arabic مُقَدَّمَة (muqaddama).
▸ 4 derivations
- derivedܡܩܕܡܘܬ ܚܙܬܐ
- derivedܡܩܕܡܘܬ ܝܕܥܬܐ
- derivedܡܩܕܡܘܬ ܡܠܬܐ
- derivedܡܩܕܡܘܬ ܣܝܡܐ
- priority, anteriorityCompare Hebrew קַדְמוּת (qaḏəmûṯ).
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
aii · 8 lemmas- to precede, to come beforeFrom Aramaic קְדַם (qəḏam); related to Arabic قَدَمَ (qadama) and Hebrew קָדַם (kadám).
▸ 3 derivations
- derivedܩܵܕ݇ܡܲܬ݂qāmaṯ
- derivedܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܦܲܐܲܬ݂qām paˀaṯ
- derivedܩܵܕ݇ܡ ܡܫܝܼܚܵܐqām mšīḥā
- before, in front of, facingFrom Aramaic קֳדָם (qŏḏām); related to Hebrew קֹדֶם (kódem), Akkadian 𒁾𒊕 (qudmu [DUB.SAG]) and Arabic قُدَّامَ (quddāma).
- to promote, advance, set forthIntensitive and causative stems of the verb ܩܵܕ݂ܹܡ (qāḏēm, “to precede, come before”).
- to prefer, favorIntensitive and causative stems of the verb ܩܵܕ݂ܹܡ (qāḏēm, “to precede, come before”).
- before, in front of used with verbs of meetingFeminine form of ܩܵܕ݇ܡ (qām) and construct state of ܩܵܕ݇ܡܬ݂ܵܐ (qāmṯā). Compare Classical Syriac ܩܘܼܕ݂ܡܲܬ݂ (quḏmaṯ).
- aheadܠ- (l-, “to”) + ܩܵܕ݇ܡܵܐ (qāmā, “front”).
- previous, preceding, prior, old (of an earlier time)Inherited from Aramaic קַדִּימָא (qaddīmā); compare Arabic قَدِيم (qadīm).
- first (1st)ܩܲܕ݂ܡܵܐ (qaḏmā, “first, foremost”) + -ܝܐ (āyā, the attributive adjective ending); compare Classical Syriac ܩܲܕ݂ܡܵܝܵܐ (qaḏmāyā) and Turoyo ܩܰܡܳܝܐ (qamoyo).
▸ 6 derivations
- derivedܐܘܼܫܦܵܐ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܵܐušpā qammāyā
- derivedܐܲܒ݂ܵܐ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܵܐaḇā qammāyā
- derivedܟܵܢܘܿܢ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܵܐkānōn qammāyā
- derivedܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܐܝܼܬ݂qammāˀīṯ
- derivedܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܘܼܬ݂ܵܐqammāyūṯā
- derivedܬܸܫܪܝܼܢ ܩܲܕ݇ܡܵܝܵܐtišrīn qammāyā
Hebrew
he · 8 lemmas- masculine singular present participle and present tense of קִדֵּם
- ancient, old, antique, immemorial, former, primitiveCognate with Arabic قديم (qadīm, “old, ancient; eternal”).
- defective spelling of קידום
- to advance
- to arrive early
- foreword, preface
- to advance, to proceed, to progress, to make progress, to move forward
- early
Arabic
ar · 8 lemmas- to precedeFrom Proto-Semitic *q-d-m (“to precede, come before”). Compare Hebrew קדם and Classical Syriac ܩܕܡ.
▸ 1 derivation
- derivedكُرَة اَلْقَدَمkurat al-qadam
- to dare
- elative degree of قَدِيم (qadīm)Elative of قَدِيم (qadīm, “old”).
- to precede
- coming, approachingDerived from the active participle of قَدِمَ (qadima, “to arrive, to come”).
- one arriving, arriver, arrival, newcomerDerived from the active participle of قَدِمَ (qadima, “to arrive, to come”).
- in front of, in the presence of, beforeFrom Aramaic 𐡒𐡃𐡌 (qd̠ām, qŭd̠ām) / קֳדָם (qŏḏām) / ܩܘܕܡ / ܩܕܵܡ (qəḏām). Compare سَوْفَ (sawfa, marks what is temporally in front), and native أَمَامَ (ʔamāma, “in front of”).
- plural of قَادِم (qādim)From Aramaic 𐡒𐡃𐡌 (qd̠ām, qŭd̠ām) / קֳדָם (qŏḏām) / ܩܘܕܡ / ܩܕܵܡ (qəḏām). Compare سَوْفَ (sawfa, marks what is temporally in front), and native أَمَامَ (ʔamāma, “in front of”).
Ge'ez
gez · 5 lemmas- firstCognates include Tigre ቀዳም (ḳädam) and Tigrinya ቀዳማይ (ḳädamay).
- beginningCognates include Tigre ቀዳም (ḳädam) and Tigrinya ቀዳማይ (ḳädamay).
- masculine plural of ቀዳሚ (ḳädami)
- feminine singular of ቀዳሚ (ḳädami)
- feminine plural of ቀዳሚ (ḳädami)
Amharic
am · 1 lemma- Saturday
Tigrinya
ti · 3 lemmas- Saturday
- before
- first (1st)Cognates include Ge'ez ቀዳሚ (ḳädami) and Tigre ቀዳም (ḳädam).