ḥ r š
31 lemmas · 8 languages
soundAll three consonants are regularT Gen.4.22
Themes:deaf·4plow·2mute·2magician·2sorceress·2
POS shape:noun·20verb·8adj·3
This root is attested across 8 Semitic languages in our index. Each section below shows representative lemmas; attested means a Wiktionary editor explicitly tagged the root, inferredmeans we derived it mechanically from the word's consonantal skeleton.
Etymology treehow this root diverged from Proto-Semitic through the family
*ḥ-r-šProto-Semitic
West Semitic
Central Semitic
Northwest Semitic
Ugaritic𐎈𐎗𐎌𐎈 𐎗 𐎌— childbirth
Canaanite
Hebrewחָרַשׁח ר שׁ— To plow, plough
Phoenician𐤇𐤓𐤔𐤇 𐤓 𐤔— to plow
Aramaic
Imperial Aramaicחרשאח ר ש— deaf, mute
Syriacܚܪܫܐܚ ܪ ܫ— magic, witchcraft
Assyrian NAܚܸܪ̈ܫܹܐܚ ܪ ܫ— magic, witchcraft
Arabic
Arabicأَحْرَشح ر ش— rugged, rough, coarse
South Semitic
Ethio-Semitic
Tigrinyaሓርሽሐ ረ ሸ— rhinoceros
Branch structure: Huehnergard (2005), Rubin (2010). The reconstructed Proto-Semitic form is computed on the fly from the cognate set's majority reflex pattern.
Ugaritic
irregular reflexug · 1 lemma- childbirth
Phoenician
irregular reflexphn · 1 lemma- to plow
Imperial Aramaic
arc · 4 lemmas- deaf, mute
- enchantment, incantation
- deaf, mute
- magician, sorceress, witch
Classical Syriac
syc · 4 lemmas- magic, witchcraftFrom the root ܚ ܪ ܫ related to magic. Compare Arabic سِحْر (siḥr).
- magician, sorceress, witch, enchantressModified from ܚܪܫܐ (ḥaršā, ḥeršā, “magic”), from the root ܚ ܪ ܫ related to magic. Compare Arabic سَاحِرَة (sāḥira).
- trachea, windpipe, throatCompare Akkadian 𒄩𒊒𒌨𒋾 (/ḫarurtu/).
- deafness, dumbnessCompare Hebrew חֵרְשׁוּת (ħēršūṯ).
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
aii · 3 lemmas- magic, witchcraftInherited from Aramaic חַרְשַׁיָא (ḥaršayyā); cognate to Arabic سِحْر (siḥr) through metathesis. The latter noun is inherited from חַרָּשָׁא (ḥarrāšā) and is an occupational noun derived from the former; cognate to Arabic سَحَّار (saḥḥār)
▸ 1 derivation
- derivedܚܲܪܫܘܼܬܵܐḥaršūtā
- to become barren, non-fruit-bearing, wither (of trees)Developed from ܚܸܪܫܵܢܵܐ (ḥiršānā, “barren, not producing fruit (tree)”), from ܚܲܪܫܵܐ (ḥaršā, “mute”).
- deaf (unable to hear)Inherited from Aramaic חַרְשָׁא (ḥaršā, “deaf-mute, mute”); cognate to Arabic أَخْرَس (ʔaḵras, “mute”) and Hebrew חֵרֵשׁ (kherésh, “deaf”).
Hebrew
he · 8 lemmas- To plow, ploughFrom the root ח־ר־שׁ (ḥ-r-sh), ultimately from Proto-Semitic *ḥaraθ-. Compare Arabic حَرَثَ (ḥaraṯa, “to plow, to farm”).
▸ 8 derivations
- derivedחָרַשׁ רָעָה
- derivedלולא חרשתם בעגלתי, לא מצאתם חידתי
- relatedחָרִישׁ
- relatedחַרְשָׁן
- relatedנֶחְרַשׁ
- relatedהֶחְרִישׁ
- relatedהחרש
- relatedהִתְחָרֵשׁ
- A craftsman.From the root ח־ר־שׁ (ḥ-r-sh), ultimately from Proto-Semitic *ḥaraθ-. Compare Arabic حَرَثَ (ḥaraṯa, “to plow, to farm”).
- A (male) deaf person, a non-hearing person.
- ploughing
- A grove (a small forest).
- industry, production
- plough
- deafness
Arabic
ar · 8 lemmas- rugged, rough, coarseColor or defect adjective from the root ح ر ش (ḥ r š).
- to provoke, to pick a quarrel
- scale (of fish)Augmented from the root ح ر ش (ḥ r š).
- rhinocerosNot from the root ح ر ش (ḥ r š) related to “scratching” and “instigating” but from Ge'ez ሐሪሥ (ḥäriś, “rhinoceros”). Doublet of حُرْش (ḥurš, “forest”), see Hebrew חֹרֶשׁ (ḥóreš, “grove, thicket”).
- to scratch; to grate
- to incite; to provoke; to instigate
Tigrinya
ti · 2 lemmas- rhinoceros
- agriculture