š k r
28 lemmas · 7 languages
soundAll three consonants are regularT Gen.30.16
Themes:thankful·5liquor·4grateful·4spirit·3sugar·3
POS shape:noun·15verb·6adj·5name·2
This root is attested across 7 Semitic languages in our index. Each section below shows representative lemmas; attested means a Wiktionary editor explicitly tagged the root, inferredmeans we derived it mechanically from the word's consonantal skeleton.
Etymology treehow this root diverged from Proto-Semitic through the family
*š-k-rProto-Semitic
West Semitic
Central Semitic
Northwest Semitic
Ugaritic𐎌𐎋𐎗𐎐𐎌 𐎋 𐎗— intoxication, drunkenness
Canaanite
Hebrewשָׂכַרשׂ כ ר— to hire, rent
Aramaic
Imperial Aramaicשכראש כ ר— liquor, spirit
Syriacܫܟܪܫ ܟ ܪ— sugar
Assyrian NAܫܵܟ݂ܹܪܫ ܟ ܪ— to be/become drunk, intoxicated
Arabic
Arabicشَكَرَش ك ر— to thank, to be thankful, to be grateful
South Semitic
Ethio-Semitic
Tigrinyaሽኰርሸ ከ ረ— sugar
Branch structure: Huehnergard (2005), Rubin (2010). The reconstructed Proto-Semitic form is computed on the fly from the cognate set's majority reflex pattern.
Ugaritic
irregular reflexug · 1 lemma- intoxication, drunkennessCompare Hebrew שיכור / שִׁכּוֹר (šikkōr, “drunk”).
Imperial Aramaic
arc · 1 lemma- liquor, spirit
Classical Syriac
syc · 4 lemmas- sugarFrom Middle Persian 𐭱𐭪𐭥 (šakar), from Sanskrit शर्करा (śárkarā, “ground or candied sugar, originally grit or gravel”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱorkeh₂ (“gravel, boulder”). Compare Arabic سُكَّر (sukkar).
- any liquor or spirit not made from grapesFrom Proto-Semitic *šikar- (“alcoholic drink”). Cognate with Akkadian 𒁉 (šikarum), Arabic سَكَر (sakar), and Hebrew שֵׁכָר (šēḵār).
- field, land, yoke, plot (roughly two-thirds of an acre)From Akkadian 𒂠𒃼 (eš₂gar₃ /iškaru/, “quota; assigned work”), from Sumerian 𒂠𒃼 (eš₂gar₃); compare Hebrew אֶשְׁכָּר (ʾeškār, “gift”).
- perennial box treeCompare Akkadian 𒄑𒌆 (/taskarinnu, taškarinnu/).
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
aii · 5 lemmas- to be/become drunk, intoxicatedCompare Arabic سَكِرَ (sakira), Hebrew שָׁכַר (shakhár) and הִשְׁתַּכֵּר (hishtakér).
- construct state singular of ܫܲܟ݂ܪܵܐ (šaḵrā, “alcohol, liquor, spirit”)Compare Arabic سَكِرَ (sakira), Hebrew שָׁכַר (shakhár) and הִשְׁתַּכֵּר (hishtakér).
- ugly, repulsiveInherited from Aramaic שְׁכִירָא (šəḵīrā). Of the adjective pattern 12ī3ā.
▸ 2 derivations
- derivedܫܟ݂ܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬ݂šḵīrāˀīṯ
- derivedܫܟ݂ܝܼܪܘܼܬ݂ܵܐšḵīrūṯā
- thankfulness, gratitudeVerbal noun of ܡܫܲܟܸܪ (mšakkir).
- sugarFrom Aramaic שֵׁכַּר (šekkar), from Middle Persian 𐭱𐭪𐭥 (šakar), from Sanskrit शर्करा (śárkarā, “ground or candied sugar, originally grit or gravel”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱorkeh₂ (“gravel, boulder”); compare Arabic سُكَّر (sukkar) and its further descendants.
▸ 2 derivations
- derivedܡܲܪܥܵܐ ܕܫܸܟܲܪmarˁā d-šikkar
- derivedܫܸܟܪܵܢܵܐšikrānā
Hebrew
he · 8 lemmas- to hire, rent
- wage, salary
- to be or become drunkFrom Proto-Semitic *šikar- (“alcoholic drink”). Compare Arabic سَكِرَ (sakira, “to get drunk, to become intoxicated”) and سَكَر (sakar, “intoxicant, wine”).
- liquor, intoxicating drinkFrom Proto-Semitic *šikar- (“alcoholic drink”). Compare Arabic سَكِرَ (sakira, “to get drunk, to become intoxicated”) and سَكَر (sakar, “intoxicant, wine”).
- intoxicating
- to be hired, employed
- Excessive spelling of שֵׁכָר
- employee
Arabic
ar · 8 lemmas- to thank, to be thankful, to be gratefulCompare Hebrew שָׂכָר (sakhár, “payment, reward”).
▸ 3 derivations
- derivedشُكْراًšukran
- derivedشُكْرِيّšukriyy
- derivedشُكْرِيَّةšukriyya, a female given name, Shukriyya, meaning ‘thankful’
- to thank (someone for)
- thankful, gratefulDerived from the active participle of the verb شَكَرَ (šakara, “to thank”).
- a male given name, ShakirDerived from the active participle of the verb شَكَرَ (šakara, “to thank”).
- verbal noun of شَكَرَ (šakara) (form I)
- habitually thankful, gratefulCharacteristic adjective. From the root ش ك ر (š k r).
- Ash-Shakur the Grateful, the All-thankful, one of the names of God (الله) in Islam.Characteristic adjective. From the root ش ك ر (š k r).
- thankfulDerived from the active participle of the verb تَشَكُّر (tašakkur), constructed from the root ش ك ر (š k r) of شكر (“gratitude”).
Tigrinya
ti · 1 lemma- sugarFrom Arabic سُكَّر (sukkar).