ṣ w m
24 lemmas · 7 languages
hollow (II-weak)Middle consonant is w or y. The vowel contracts in the perfect (q-w-l → qāla 'said'), producing a 'hollow' surface. Known as mediae infirmae.T Gen.50.12
Themes:fast·9fasting·7food·7abstention·4abstain·3
POS shape:noun·12verb·9adj·1name·1root·1
This root is attested across 7 Semitic languages in our index. Each section below shows representative lemmas; attested means a Wiktionary editor explicitly tagged the root, inferredmeans we derived it mechanically from the word's consonantal skeleton.
Etymology treehow this root diverged from Proto-Semitic through the family
*ṣ-wProto-Semitic
West Semitic
Central Semitic
Northwest Semitic
Canaanite
Hebrewצָםצ ו ם— to fast (to abstain from food and drink)
Aramaic
Imperial Aramaicצוםצ ו מ— to fast, to abstain
Syriacܨܘܡܐܨ ܘ ܡ— fast (abstention from food)
Assyrian NAܨܵܐܹܡܨ ܘ ܡ— to fast (to abstain, usually from food and drink)
Mandaicࡐࡕࡅࡋࡀࡐ ࡅ ࡋ— virgin
Arabic
Arabicصَامَص و م— to stand still, to become calm
South Semitic
Ethio-Semitic
Ge'ezጾምፀ ወ መ— fast
Branch structure: Huehnergard (2005), Rubin (2010). The reconstructed Proto-Semitic form is computed on the fly from the cognate set's majority reflex pattern.
Imperial Aramaic
arc · 2 lemmas- to fast, to abstain
- fast, fasting
Classical Syriac
syc · 1 lemma- fast (abstention from food)From the root ܨ ܘ ܡ related to fasting. Compare Arabic صَوْم (ṣawm) and Hebrew צוֹם (ṣôm).
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
aii · 8 lemmas- to fast (to abstain, usually from food and drink)Compare Arabic صَامَ (ṣāma), Hebrew צָם (tsám).
- fast, fasting (abstention from food)Of the noun pattern 1a23ā, inherited from Aramaic צַוְמָא (ṣawmā); compare Arabic صَوْم (ṣawm) and Hebrew צוֹם (tsom).
- fasting (abstention from food)Verbal noun of ܨܵܐܹܡ (ṣāˀēm, “to fast, abstain”); compare Arabic صِيَام (ṣiyām).
- fastingPassive participle of ܨܵܐܹܡ (ṣāˀēm, “to fast, abstain”).
- one who is fasting or has fastedPassive participle of ܨܵܐܹܡ (ṣāˀēm, “to fast, abstain”).
- faster; one who fastsAgent noun of ܨܵܐܹܡ (ṣāˀēm, “to fast, abstain”); compare similar in Arabic صَائِم (ṣāʔim).
- Somalia (a country in Africa)From Arabic الصُومَال (aṣ-ṣūmāl).
- forming words pertaining to fastingFrom Proto-Semitic; compare Hebrew צ־ו־ם (ṣ-w-m) and Arabic ص و م (ṣ w m).
Hebrew
he · 3 lemmas- to fast (to abstain from food and drink)Compare Arabic صَامَ (ṣāma)
- fast (a period of time, during which one abstains from food and drink)Compare Arabic صَوْم (ṣawm), Ge'ez ጾም (ṣom).
- Feminine singular present participle and present tense of צָם (tsám).
Arabic
ar · 8 lemmas- to stand still, to become calmFrom the root ص و م (ṣ w m). Compare Hebrew צָם (ṣām) and Ge'ez ጾመ (ṣomä, “to fast”). Nöldeke was convinced that the meaning “to fast” is a semantic loan from Aramaic צום / ܨܳܡ (ṣām, “to fast”), referring to the meaning “to stand still”, Jeffery says that the Arabic verb is “obviously denominative from صَوْم (ṣawm)”…
- verbal noun of صَامَ (ṣāma) (form I)Compare with Hebrew צוֹם (ṣōm), Ge'ez ጾም (ṣom, “fast”), Ugaritic 𐎑𐎎 (ẓm, “fast”). Nöldeke was convinced that the meaning “to fast” is borrowed from the Aramaic צומא / ܨܰܘܡܳܐ (ṣōmā, ṣawmā, “fast”), referring to the verb’s meaning “to stand still”, Jeffery says that the Arabic verb is “obviously denominative from صَوْم…
- to cause to fastVerb form II from the root ص و م (ṣ w m).
- verbal noun of صَامَ (ṣāma) (form I)From صَامَ (ṣāma, “to abstain”), from ص و م (ṣ w m).
- verbal noun of صَامَ (ṣāma) (form I)
- to be extreme in fasting or abstention from food
Ge'ez
irregular reflexgez · 1 lemma- fastCognate with Hebrew צוֹם,
Classical Mandaic
mid · 1 lemma- virgin